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Egypt’s external debt rose from $41.8 billion in 2014 to about $156 billion by the end of 2024, while Morocco’s stood at $68 billion and Lebanon’s at $67.4 billion. But debt size alone does not determine which country is most exposed to pressure: Jordan’s government and government-guaranteed debt reached about 109% of GDP in 2025. Creditors include international institutions, foreign governments, and investors. External debt per capita was $4,065 in Jordan, compared with $1,846 in Morocco and $1,333 in Egypt. Tunisia’s external debt service rose to 26.2% of receipts from exports of goods and services and primary income in 2024, up from 9% in 2014. The effects of budget pressures may be felt by citizens through cuts to subsidies and higher prices for some goods and services. The article concludes that the challenge is to manage and repay debt without draining resources earmarked for growth and essential services.
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