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A report from the International Energy Agency states that the global decline in investments in the mining and refining of critical minerals in 2025 by 9% has halted several years of growth and increased risks to supply chains. Spending on battery metals decreased by more than 20%, and lithium companies cut their investments by approximately 40%. Conversely, the copper industry experienced an 8% increase in investment driven by sustained demand, with projections indicating a potential copper supply shortage of up to 25% by 2035. China and Indonesia dominate more than three-quarters of the growth in refined supply, amid warnings that China's restrictions on rare earth exports could disrupt a $2 trillion annual production and impact the automotive, technology, aerospace, and defense sectors. Despite the increased government funding reaching $65 billion to strengthen supply chains, a gap remains between commitments and actual expenditure, with China still the largest source of projects despite a slowdown in its expansion.
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